The history of Barnaul
The population of Barnaul is 620,419 people.
Barnaul is the fifth most populous city in Siberia and the twenty—first most populous city in Russia.
5 districts
1. Railway
2.Industrial
3. Leninsky
4. October
5.Central.
2.Industrial
3. Leninsky
4. October
5.Central.
Coat of arms of Barnaul
The area of Barnaul is 321 km2 |
So where did Barnaul come from?
The history of Barnaul
1
History of settlement of the territory
History of settlement of the territory2
Founding of the city
Founding of the city3
The center of the mountain district
The center of the mountain district4
Altai Trade and Production Center
Altai Trade and Production Center5
The Soviet period
The Soviet period6
The modern period
The modern periodPeople who have made a significant contribution to the history of Barnaul
Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov
The founder of the mining industry of Altai
History of settlement of the territory
Archaeological finds indicate that the first settlements on the territory of modern Barnaul appeared in the Stone Age. 63 archaeological monuments have been preserved on the territory of the city. These are settlements, mounds, parking lots and human settlements from ancient times to the Middle Ages, most of which are located on the left bank of the Ob River — in the Mountainous part of Barnaul, near the village of Kazennaya Zaimka, Gonba and Science Town. In the Horde era, before the arrival of Russian settlers in Siberia, there was an ancient fortress city of Abaksha. From here, the Teleutes raided their neighbors, and the high riverbank and the forest were a natural barrier for enemies.
Founding of the city
Researchers associate the foundation of Barnaul with the beginning of the construction of a copper smelter Demidov, who received land for rent from the state. It is known that it was in 1730 that Demidov transferred 200 assigned peasants to Altai to establish factories. On September 29, 1739, the construction of the Barnaul plant was started. In the same year, a diversion canal was laid and a dam was built. Village Ust-Barnaul, which was only 2 versts away from the factory dam, was assigned to the plant in 1742. Later, Demidov, in secret from the imperial family, began smelting gold and silver, which was learned in St. Petersburg. The factories were confiscated.
In 1749, the Chancery The Kolyvan-Voskresensk Mining District, with the consent of the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty, was transferred from Kolyvan to the Barnaul plant (the latter becomes the property The so-called cabinet period begins). In 1750, 17 furnaces were already operating at the Barnaul plant, instead of 2 furnaces and 7 furnaces that worked under Demidov. Mining officers and engineers from the Urals are coming to the plant to smelt ores and its primary processing. One of these was a talented inventor Ivan Polzunov. In 1763, he presented the project of the "fire—breathing machine" - the first steam engine in the world, and in 1766 it was tested on the banks of the Barnaul River.
In 1749, the Chancery The Kolyvan-Voskresensk Mining District, with the consent of the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty, was transferred from Kolyvan to the Barnaul plant (the latter becomes the property The so-called cabinet period begins). In 1750, 17 furnaces were already operating at the Barnaul plant, instead of 2 furnaces and 7 furnaces that worked under Demidov. Mining officers and engineers from the Urals are coming to the plant to smelt ores and its primary processing. One of these was a talented inventor Ivan Polzunov. In 1763, he presented the project of the "fire—breathing machine" - the first steam engine in the world, and in 1766 it was tested on the banks of the Barnaul River.
The center of the mountain district
In 1770, Barnaul received the status of a "mountain city" (later in 1846, its coat of arms appeared, which depicted a white galloping horse and an operating silver smelting furnace. This furnace is a symbol of mining, emphasized the main wealth of the city — silver, and the horse was depicted on the coat of arms Tomsk province, which then included the Altai District). And in 1779, a mining school was opened to train the necessary personnel — the first in Siberia.
During this century, Barnaul developed on the territory bounded from the east and southeast by the river Ob, and from the south-west and west by a ribbon forest. There were no such natural boundaries on the northern side. The northern border was marked on the plans of Barnaul in 1786, 1826 and 1837 by a straight line parallel to the streets. This feature could not stop urban development, which began to gradually expand to the north.
Despite its remoteness from the center of Russia, Barnaul grew and developed: in 1835, there were more than 9 thousand residents in the city. The building of the blocks was influenced by the architecture of St. Petersburg. By the middle of the 19th century, the city had 33 streets and alleys, 1,725 houses (15 of them stone), five churches, including the Lutheran one. P. P. Semenov—Tyan—Shansky's note speaks about the high culture of the inhabitants - officers, officials, engineers, merchants, industrialists: "Barnaul ... was undoubtedly the most cultural corner of Siberia, and I nicknamed it the Siberian "Athens"."
The city is becoming a major cultural, scientific and technical center of Russia. In 1764, a technical library with a collection of 7 thousand volumes was opened. In 1786, the Barnaul "theater house" was mentioned in archival documents. And in 1827, the first printing house was opened. P. K. Frolov organized a museum of local lore — one of the first in Siberia.
In 1770, Barnaul received the status of a "mountain city" (later in 1846, its coat of arms appeared, which depicted a white galloping horse and an operating silver smelting furnace. This furnace is a symbol of mining, emphasized the main wealth of the city — silver, and the horse was depicted on the coat of arms Tomsk province, which then included the Altai District). And in 1779, a mining school was opened to train the necessary personnel — the first in Siberia.
During this century, Barnaul developed on the territory bounded from the east and southeast by the river Ob, and from the south-west and west by a ribbon forest. There were no such natural boundaries on the northern side. The northern border was marked on the plans of Barnaul in 1786, 1826 and 1837 by a straight line parallel to the streets. This feature could not stop urban development, which began to gradually expand to the north.
Despite its remoteness from the center of Russia, Barnaul grew and developed: in 1835, there were more than 9 thousand residents in the city. The building of the blocks was influenced by the architecture of St. Petersburg. By the middle of the 19th century, the city had 33 streets and alleys, 1,725 houses (15 of them stone), five churches, including the Lutheran one. P. P. Semenov—Tyan—Shansky's note speaks about the high culture of the inhabitants - officers, officials, engineers, merchants, industrialists: "Barnaul ... was undoubtedly the most cultural corner of Siberia, and I nicknamed it the Siberian "Athens"."
The city is becoming a major cultural, scientific and technical center of Russia. In 1764, a technical library with a collection of 7 thousand volumes was opened. In 1786, the Barnaul "theater house" was mentioned in archival documents. And in 1827, the first printing house was opened. P. K. Frolov organized a museum of local lore — one of the first in Siberia.
In the 19th century, the city was visited by world-famous writers, travelers and scientists with their expeditions: F. M. Dostoevsky, A. Humboldt, K. F. Ledebur, A. E. Brem. They left impressions in their diaries about the city, which amazed them with its splendor, a highly educated society of mining engineers and officers, the existence of such cultural institutions as an amateur theater, a museum, and libraries. In the XVIII—XIX centuries, the fates of remarkable inventors and scientists were connected with Barnaul, first of all, I. I. Polzunov, who built the world's first continuous steam-atmospheric engine in 1763-1766. P. K. Frolov, a builder of a cast-iron rail road, an engineer and a public figure, a metallurgist who revealed the secret of bulat, P. P. worked here. Anosov. In the XVIII — first half of the XIX centuries, 90% of Russian silver was smelted in Altai — 1000 pounds per year. The Barnaul silver smelter was rightfully considered the largest — it operated 13 melting furnaces, producing about 450 pounds of silver annually. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Barnaul in a short time turned from a small factory settlement into one of the largest cities in Siberia. According to administrative records, the population of the city by the 1870s was 13-14 thousand people, of which 30-45% were military, officials and their family members. |
Altai Trade and Production Center
The abolition of serfdom, the depletion of natural resources, and the inability of factory management to work in new conditions led to the decline of mining and the closure of the Barnaul plant in 1893. But at the same time, the city is becoming a major trading center of a developing agricultural region. At that time, there were leather, candle, brick, brewing, soda, fur, sawmill and other industries in the city. This allowed Barnaul goods to enter not only the Russian market, but also the international market.
Since 1880, the boundary of urban lands has been along Malaya Altayskaya Street (now named after V. P. Chkalov). However, by the end of the 19th century, the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Altay Streets appeared, formally located outside Barnaul. The increase in population made it necessary to expand the territory of the city. In August 1910, Emperor Nicholas II signed a decree granting Barnaul ownership of the lands of His Imperial Majesty's Cabinet for ransom.
At the beginning of 1915, the opening of the Altai Railway took place, which further accelerated the development of the city, whose population already numbered 40 thousand people. And already in May 1915, the Barnaul Duma discussed and approved a new plan for the development of the city.
The social sphere of that time developed thanks to the merchants, patrons and public figures of the city. In 1893, V. K. Shtilke organized the "Society for the Care of Primary Education" and by 1910 there were already 29 educational institutions in Barnaul. In 1895, the Mother of God-Kazan Convent was built. And in 1899, the City Hospital was opened. In 1900, the merchant Ivan Platonov power plant was built, with a capacity of 140 kW, which played the role of a municipal energy source.
The first sessions of the cinematograph are taking place. In 1914, the City Duma decided to close all fifteen brothels.
On May 2, 1917, a huge fire occurred in Barnaul. 60 blocks burned down. Up to 20 thousand people were left homeless, 34 people died. The city architecture was severely damaged by the fire of 1917, and many buildings, especially wooden buildings, were destroyed in the fire.
The abolition of serfdom, the depletion of natural resources, and the inability of factory management to work in new conditions led to the decline of mining and the closure of the Barnaul plant in 1893. But at the same time, the city is becoming a major trading center of a developing agricultural region. At that time, there were leather, candle, brick, brewing, soda, fur, sawmill and other industries in the city. This allowed Barnaul goods to enter not only the Russian market, but also the international market.
Since 1880, the boundary of urban lands has been along Malaya Altayskaya Street (now named after V. P. Chkalov). However, by the end of the 19th century, the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Altay Streets appeared, formally located outside Barnaul. The increase in population made it necessary to expand the territory of the city. In August 1910, Emperor Nicholas II signed a decree granting Barnaul ownership of the lands of His Imperial Majesty's Cabinet for ransom.
At the beginning of 1915, the opening of the Altai Railway took place, which further accelerated the development of the city, whose population already numbered 40 thousand people. And already in May 1915, the Barnaul Duma discussed and approved a new plan for the development of the city.
The social sphere of that time developed thanks to the merchants, patrons and public figures of the city. In 1893, V. K. Shtilke organized the "Society for the Care of Primary Education" and by 1910 there were already 29 educational institutions in Barnaul. In 1895, the Mother of God-Kazan Convent was built. And in 1899, the City Hospital was opened. In 1900, the merchant Ivan Platonov power plant was built, with a capacity of 140 kW, which played the role of a municipal energy source.
The first sessions of the cinematograph are taking place. In 1914, the City Duma decided to close all fifteen brothels.
On May 2, 1917, a huge fire occurred in Barnaul. 60 blocks burned down. Up to 20 thousand people were left homeless, 34 people died. The city architecture was severely damaged by the fire of 1917, and many buildings, especially wooden buildings, were destroyed in the fire.
The Soviet period
On June 17, 1917, the Provisional Government allocated the southern part of Tomsk province to Altai with the center in Barnaul. A temporary provincial executive committee was formed here, along with which the Soviets acted with the support of the Barnaul garrison.
On December 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks took power in Barnaul. Under the threat of a military clash with the Czechoslovak corps, the Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by Ivan Prisyagin, decided to leave Barnaul.. The Soviet government returned to the city only on December 9-11, 1919, together with the regular Red Army and the partisan army led by Efim Mamontov. The White Guards left the city in the hope of reaching Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk). Retreating, the white army in the area of the village of Talmenka fell into an ambush prepared by the First Chumysh Soviet Partisan Division led by M. Vorozhtsov (Anatoly).
After the civil war, the city began to change, many citizens began to acquire vegetable gardens, cattle, engaged in handicrafts, collective farms appeared in the city.
Industrialization and collectivization greatly influenced the development of the city. Residents of villages and small towns move to the city, and the city itself, in fact, becomes the center of the agro-industrial complex of the region. In 1923, the city's central power plant came into operation. And in 1926, by decision of the City Council, the Barnaul pond was lowered. In 1929, a city radio center appeared in Barnaul. The first bus line "Bazar — Vokzal" has been opened. And in 1933, the first higher educational institution in the city was organized — the Teachers' Institute (Barnaul State Pedagogical Institute).
In 1932, the largest melange plant in Western Siberia was founded, and in parallel with it, the construction of the Sotsgorodka complex, unprecedented before in the city, was underway — residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, medical institutions for those who worked at this enterprise.
Due to the formation of the Altai Territory in 1937, Barnaul was given the status of its administrative center.
According to the general project for the development of the city from 1937, the main thoroughfares were to be Leninsky Prospekt and 2-3 Altai Streets, united by a green strip of squares. Around the central square, at the intersection of these streets, buildings of 5-6 floors were designed for administrative and economic institutions, a bank, and the NKVD. The city council building was supposed to be built in the center of the square, moving it towards the Ob River. In front of him is a space for demonstrations and rallies, then a square with parterre greenery and an obelisk. In the same project, the idea of the Ob Boulevard was first laid. However, the war made its own adjustments — the central square was never formed, and the main streets remained with wooden buildings.
During the Great Patriotic War, about a hundred industrial enterprises from Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Kharkov, and other cities temporarily occupied by nazi troops were permanently located in the city. They became the basis of the city's industry (they were not returned back). Large machine—building enterprises began to work in the city - Transmash plants, boiler house, machine tool building, the radio factory produced its first products. The city supplied the front with tank diesel engines, oxygen-breathing equipment for pilots, uniforms, sheepskin coats, felt boots. According to some reports, about half of the cartridges used by the Soviet Army during the war were produced in Barnaul at a machine tool factory.
The post-war years were marked by the rapid development of the chemical industry. In the 50s and 60s, chemical fiber factories, tire factories, asbestos products, and a number of others were built. For the first time, an attempt was made to solve the housing problem and relocate Barnaul residents from dilapidated wooden houses to relatively well-maintained "five-story buildings". This is how areas of mass, "in—line" development appeared - a stream, followed by Cheryomushki, a Sunny glade, and a Harvest.
In 1980, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
On December 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks took power in Barnaul. Under the threat of a military clash with the Czechoslovak corps, the Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by Ivan Prisyagin, decided to leave Barnaul.. The Soviet government returned to the city only on December 9-11, 1919, together with the regular Red Army and the partisan army led by Efim Mamontov. The White Guards left the city in the hope of reaching Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk). Retreating, the white army in the area of the village of Talmenka fell into an ambush prepared by the First Chumysh Soviet Partisan Division led by M. Vorozhtsov (Anatoly).
After the civil war, the city began to change, many citizens began to acquire vegetable gardens, cattle, engaged in handicrafts, collective farms appeared in the city.
Industrialization and collectivization greatly influenced the development of the city. Residents of villages and small towns move to the city, and the city itself, in fact, becomes the center of the agro-industrial complex of the region. In 1923, the city's central power plant came into operation. And in 1926, by decision of the City Council, the Barnaul pond was lowered. In 1929, a city radio center appeared in Barnaul. The first bus line "Bazar — Vokzal" has been opened. And in 1933, the first higher educational institution in the city was organized — the Teachers' Institute (Barnaul State Pedagogical Institute).
In 1932, the largest melange plant in Western Siberia was founded, and in parallel with it, the construction of the Sotsgorodka complex, unprecedented before in the city, was underway — residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, medical institutions for those who worked at this enterprise.
Due to the formation of the Altai Territory in 1937, Barnaul was given the status of its administrative center.
According to the general project for the development of the city from 1937, the main thoroughfares were to be Leninsky Prospekt and 2-3 Altai Streets, united by a green strip of squares. Around the central square, at the intersection of these streets, buildings of 5-6 floors were designed for administrative and economic institutions, a bank, and the NKVD. The city council building was supposed to be built in the center of the square, moving it towards the Ob River. In front of him is a space for demonstrations and rallies, then a square with parterre greenery and an obelisk. In the same project, the idea of the Ob Boulevard was first laid. However, the war made its own adjustments — the central square was never formed, and the main streets remained with wooden buildings.
During the Great Patriotic War, about a hundred industrial enterprises from Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Kharkov, and other cities temporarily occupied by nazi troops were permanently located in the city. They became the basis of the city's industry (they were not returned back). Large machine—building enterprises began to work in the city - Transmash plants, boiler house, machine tool building, the radio factory produced its first products. The city supplied the front with tank diesel engines, oxygen-breathing equipment for pilots, uniforms, sheepskin coats, felt boots. According to some reports, about half of the cartridges used by the Soviet Army during the war were produced in Barnaul at a machine tool factory.
The post-war years were marked by the rapid development of the chemical industry. In the 50s and 60s, chemical fiber factories, tire factories, asbestos products, and a number of others were built. For the first time, an attempt was made to solve the housing problem and relocate Barnaul residents from dilapidated wooden houses to relatively well-maintained "five-story buildings". This is how areas of mass, "in—line" development appeared - a stream, followed by Cheryomushki, a Sunny glade, and a Harvest.
In 1980, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
The modern period
With the collapse of the USSR and the change in the political and economic situation in the country, new trends and problems affected Barnaul. The largest industrial enterprises were on the verge of bankruptcy (Motor Plant, Transmash, KBK, etc.). The city has shifted from a predominantly industrial center to other sectors of the economy: trade, services, construction and food industries.
Since the mid-90s of the XX century, the city has been actively developing trade, services, construction and food industries. The appearance of the city has changed a lot. Despite the dilapidation of the old housing stock of the outskirts, large shopping and office centers, multi-storey residential buildings appeared in the central part.
Since the mid-90s of the XX century, the city has been actively developing trade, services, construction and food industries. The appearance of the city has changed a lot. Despite the dilapidation of the old housing stock of the outskirts, large shopping and office centers, multi-storey residential buildings appeared in the central part.
Transport is becoming the main problem — the streets and avenues of the city, designed taking into account Soviet general plans, can no longer provide the necessary capacity for vehicles. The last major solution to this problem occurred in 1996 with the construction of a new automobile bridge over the Ob River.
Since 2001-2002, the city has been gradually emerging from the economic crisis of the 90s, and the largest federal retail chains have appeared in the field of trade. Private businesses are actively investing in services and entertainment. New investors are partially reviving the industry. The production of tires, diesels, injectors, cartridges, mechanical presses, etc. is resumed.
In December 2003, the workers' settlements of Zaton and Novosilikatny were abolished as settlements and incorporated into the city limits of Barnaul. The same thing happened in December 2003 with the other two working settlements of Yuzhny and The Scientific Town, but then in July 2005 they were restored as separate settlements in the categories of village and village (rural type), respectively.
Since 2001-2002, the city has been gradually emerging from the economic crisis of the 90s, and the largest federal retail chains have appeared in the field of trade. Private businesses are actively investing in services and entertainment. New investors are partially reviving the industry. The production of tires, diesels, injectors, cartridges, mechanical presses, etc. is resumed.
In December 2003, the workers' settlements of Zaton and Novosilikatny were abolished as settlements and incorporated into the city limits of Barnaul. The same thing happened in December 2003 with the other two working settlements of Yuzhny and The Scientific Town, but then in July 2005 they were restored as separate settlements in the categories of village and village (rural type), respectively.
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